{"id":4284,"date":"2026-08-28T11:38:57","date_gmt":"2026-08-28T09:38:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.minesparis.psl.eu\/musee\/?page_id=4284"},"modified":"2026-09-03T16:50:26","modified_gmt":"2026-09-03T14:50:26","slug":"especes-types","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.minesparis.psl.eu\/musee\/le-musee\/collections\/especes-types\/","title":{"rendered":"Les esp\u00e8ces types"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"container block-full-largeur\">\n\t<div class=\"row mt-4\">\n\t\t<div class=\"col-md-12\">\n\t\t\t<h2 style=\"text-align: justify\">De l&rsquo;importance des min\u00e9raux types<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Lorsqu&rsquo;une nouvelle esp\u00e8ce est d\u00e9crite, on consid\u00e8re comme \u00a0\u00bb \u00e9chantillon type \u00a0\u00bb celui ou ceux ayant permis d&rsquo;en pr\u00e9ciser les propri\u00e9t\u00e9s cristallographiques, physiques et chimiques. Normalement, mais h\u00e9las depuis peu de temps, ces \u00e9chantillons doivent \u00eatre d\u00e9pos\u00e9s dans une institution mus\u00e9ale ou universitaire\u00a0 afin d&rsquo;en assurer la conservation et l&rsquo;acc\u00e8s ult\u00e9rieur. Chacun doit \u00eatre identifi\u00e9 par un num\u00e9ro de catalogue unique, et r\u00e9pertori\u00e9 sur le site de l&rsquo;International Mineralogical Association (IMA). En effet, si de nouvelles \u00e9tudes de sp\u00e9cification doivent \u00eatre entreprises sur une esp\u00e8ce donn\u00e9e, elles ne peuvent donner des r\u00e9sultats valides que si elles sont effectu\u00e9es sur des \u00e9chantillons ou des fragments d&rsquo;\u00e9chantillons types surtout si ces \u00e9tudes doivent conduire \u00e0 discr\u00e9diter une esp\u00e8ce, parce qu&rsquo;elle se r\u00e9v\u00e8le \u00eatre un m\u00e9lange ou correspondre \u00e0 une esp\u00e8ce pr\u00e9existante.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Depuis une vingtaine d&rsquo;ann\u00e9es, les cat\u00e9gories d&rsquo;\u00e9chantillons types \u00e0 utiliser en min\u00e9ralogie descriptive ont \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9finies ; cette nomenclature est bas\u00e9e sur le degr\u00e9 de parent\u00e9 avec l\u2019holotype, qui a servi \u00e0 caract\u00e9riser l&rsquo;esp\u00e8ce. On distingue ainsi les cotypes, \u00e9chantillons utilis\u00e9s pour compl\u00e9ter la description, et les m\u00e9tatypes, \u00e9chantillons reconnus par l&rsquo;auteur comme identiques \u00e0 l&rsquo;holotype. On trouve ensuite les \u00a0\u00bb \u00e9chantillons d&rsquo;auteur \u00ab\u00a0. Les auteurs des articles scientifiques sur ces nouveaux min\u00e9raux ont parfois envoy\u00e9 des \u00e9chantillons au mus\u00e9e, sans signaler si c&rsquo;est bien celui ou un de ceux ayant servi \u00e0 la description. C&rsquo;est \u00e9videmment une cat\u00e9gorie encore plus fr\u00e9quente, lorsque l&rsquo;\u00e9poque de la description de l&rsquo;esp\u00e8ce est ancienne ; m\u00eame si l&rsquo;on est certain que c&rsquo;est un \u00e9chantillon provenant de l&rsquo;auteur, il est souvent tr\u00e8s difficile d&rsquo;affirmer qu&rsquo;il a \u00e9t\u00e9 utilis\u00e9 pour des \u00e9tudes descriptives, sauf si l&rsquo;auteur ou celui qui a re\u00e7u le sp\u00e9cimen l&rsquo;a pr\u00e9cis\u00e9 sur l&rsquo;\u00e9tiquette ou si des reliques \u00e9videntes d&rsquo;exp\u00e9riences entreprises dans le pass\u00e9 (fragments dans tubes r\u00e9pertori\u00e9s, lames minces&#8230;) accompagnent l&rsquo;\u00e9chantillon. Nous avons enfin regroup\u00e9 sous le terme \u00a0\u00bb d\u00e9dicataire \u00a0\u00bb les \u00e9chantillons transmis par la personne \u00e0 qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9di\u00e9 le min\u00e9ral. Cette cat\u00e9gorie est d&rsquo;un int\u00e9r\u00eat moindre puisque rien ne prouve, a priori, que l&rsquo;\u00e9chantillon correspond bien au mat\u00e9riel \u00e9tudi\u00e9 par l&rsquo;auteur.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Depuis 1957, une recherche syst\u00e9matique des \u00e9chantillons types d&rsquo;esp\u00e8ces anciennes fut effectu\u00e9e dans les collections de l&rsquo;\u00c9cole. Nous conservons \u00e9galement la majorit\u00e9 des \u00e9chantillons types des esp\u00e8ces d\u00e9crites en France depuis la seconde guerre mondiale.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>Tous ces \u00e9chantillons (au total 700 types d&rsquo;esp\u00e8ces ou de vari\u00e9t\u00e9s) sont conserv\u00e9s \u00e0 part et avec des pr\u00e9cautions particuli\u00e8res.\u00a0Il existe \u00e9galement deux vitrines au sein du mus\u00e9e qui pr\u00e9sentent certains de ces \u00e9chantillons, montrant notamment des esp\u00e8ces min\u00e9rales d\u00e9couvertes par des professeurs et conservateurs de l&rsquo;Ecole des Mines, ou qui portent leur nom.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"container block-full-largeur\">\n\t<div class=\"row mt-4\">\n\t\t<div class=\"col-md-12\">\n\t\t\t<hr \/>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":4288,"parent":283,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-4284","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.5 - 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