{"id":2744,"date":"2026-08-05T16:38:14","date_gmt":"2026-08-05T14:38:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.minesparis.psl.eu\/musee\/?page_id=2744"},"modified":"2026-09-03T16:41:39","modified_gmt":"2026-09-03T14:41:39","slug":"minerals","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.minesparis.psl.eu\/musee\/en\/the-museum\/collections-eng\/minerals\/","title":{"rendered":"Minerals"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"container block-full-largeur\">\n\t<div class=\"row mt-4\">\n\t\t<div class=\"col-md-12\">\n\t\t\t<h2>A world renowned collection<\/h2>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"container bloc-50-50\">\n\t<div class=\"row mt-4\">\n\t\t<div class=\"col-md-6\">\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: justify\">With nearly 5,000 specimens on display and over 100,000 in its collections, the Museum boasts one of the world&rsquo;s largest mineral collections. The gallery showcases 832 different mineral species, so be sure to plan ample time for your visit!<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">The collection has significant scientific value, particularly with its type minerals: these are the minerals used in the scientific analyses that led to the description of a new mineral species. The Museum is one of the world&rsquo;s largest repositories of these highly valuable scientific specimens.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">But beyond their scientific value, the specimens also hold historical significance: leading figures in mineralogy have contributed to the collections, passing on this legacy to us today. For example, we can name Abb\u00e9 Ren\u00e9 Just-Ha\u00fcy, the first curator of the Museum from 1794: a priest who refused to comply with the civil constitution of the clergy in 1791, he is considered the father of crystallography.<\/p>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"col-md-6\">\n\t\t\t<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-762 alignleft\" src=\"https:\/\/www.minesparis.psl.eu\/musee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/29\/2025\/07\/Musee-de-Mineralogie-Mines-Paris-PSL-29-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"541\" height=\"406\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.minesparis.psl.eu\/musee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/29\/2025\/07\/Musee-de-Mineralogie-Mines-Paris-PSL-29-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.minesparis.psl.eu\/musee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/29\/2025\/07\/Musee-de-Mineralogie-Mines-Paris-PSL-29-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.minesparis.psl.eu\/musee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/29\/2025\/07\/Musee-de-Mineralogie-Mines-Paris-PSL-29-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.minesparis.psl.eu\/musee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/29\/2025\/07\/Musee-de-Mineralogie-Mines-Paris-PSL-29-1300x975.jpg 1300w, https:\/\/www.minesparis.psl.eu\/musee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/29\/2025\/07\/Musee-de-Mineralogie-Mines-Paris-PSL-29.jpg 1533w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 541px) 100vw, 541px\" \/><\/p>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"container block-full-largeur\">\n\t<div class=\"row mt-4\">\n\t\t<div class=\"col-md-12\">\n\t\t\t<hr \/>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"container bloc-50-50\">\n\t<div class=\"row mt-4\">\n\t\t<div class=\"col-md-6\">\n\t\t\t<h2><strong class=\"alignnone wp-image-938 size-large\">What is an ore?\u00a0<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">An ore is a naturally occurring material from which one or more economically valuable minerals can be extracted.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Chalcopyrite, an iron and copper sulfide, for example, is one of the main copper ores. Lepidolite, for example, is a major lithium ore.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-937 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.minesparis.psl.eu\/musee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/29\/2025\/07\/4758_06_Tourmaline-elbaite-min-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"575\" height=\"383\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.minesparis.psl.eu\/musee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/29\/2025\/07\/4758_06_Tourmaline-elbaite-min-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.minesparis.psl.eu\/musee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/29\/2025\/07\/4758_06_Tourmaline-elbaite-min-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.minesparis.psl.eu\/musee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/29\/2025\/07\/4758_06_Tourmaline-elbaite-min-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.minesparis.psl.eu\/musee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/29\/2025\/07\/4758_06_Tourmaline-elbaite-min-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.minesparis.psl.eu\/musee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/29\/2025\/07\/4758_06_Tourmaline-elbaite-min-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/www.minesparis.psl.eu\/musee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/29\/2025\/07\/4758_06_Tourmaline-elbaite-min-1300x867.jpg 1300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 575px) 100vw, 575px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><em>Lithium ore : a rock composed of lepidolite (lithium-rich mica) and pink elbaite tourmaline (also composed of lithium), from Pala, California, USA (ENSMP 4758). <\/em><em>\u00a9 Mus\u00e9e de Min\u00e9ralogie Mines Paris &#8211; PSL \/ E. Gaillou.<\/em><\/p>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"col-md-6\">\n\t\t\t<h2 style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>What is a mineral?<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">A mineral is a naturally occurring crystalline solid characterized by a specific chemical composition and atomic structure. A mineral can be composed of a single element (which is rare; these are called native elements), but more often, they are compounds (containing at least two chemical elements).<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">There are a few exceptions to this simplified definition, such as mercury, which is a mineral but is liquid at room temperature. Some solid minerals lacking an atomic arrangement (amorphous) are also considered minerals, such as opals.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-938 size-large aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.minesparis.psl.eu\/musee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/29\/2025\/07\/6199_08b_Tourmaline-min-772x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"772\" height=\"1024\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.minesparis.psl.eu\/musee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/29\/2025\/07\/6199_08b_Tourmaline-min-772x1024.jpg 772w, https:\/\/www.minesparis.psl.eu\/musee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/29\/2025\/07\/6199_08b_Tourmaline-min-226x300.jpg 226w, https:\/\/www.minesparis.psl.eu\/musee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/29\/2025\/07\/6199_08b_Tourmaline-min-768x1019.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.minesparis.psl.eu\/musee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/29\/2025\/07\/6199_08b_Tourmaline-min-1158x1536.jpg 1158w, https:\/\/www.minesparis.psl.eu\/musee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/29\/2025\/07\/6199_08b_Tourmaline-min-1544x2048.jpg 1544w, https:\/\/www.minesparis.psl.eu\/musee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/29\/2025\/07\/6199_08b_Tourmaline-min-1300x1724.jpg 1300w, https:\/\/www.minesparis.psl.eu\/musee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/29\/2025\/07\/6199_08b_Tourmaline-min-scaled.jpg 1930w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 772px) 100vw, 772px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><em>Multicolor elbaite tourmaline, from Brazil (ENSMP 6199). <\/em><em>\u00a9 Mus\u00e9e de Min\u00e9ralogie Mines Paris &#8211; PSL \/ E. Gaillou.<\/em><\/p>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"container block-full-largeur\">\n\t<div class=\"row mt-4\">\n\t\t<div class=\"col-md-12\">\n\t\t\t<h2>How are minerals classified?<\/h2>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"container bloc-50-50\">\n\t<div class=\"row mt-4\">\n\t\t<div class=\"col-md-6\">\n\t\t\t<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-833 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.minesparis.psl.eu\/musee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/29\/2025\/07\/Musee-de-Mineralogie-Mines-Paris-PSL-1-300x169.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"380\" height=\"214\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.minesparis.psl.eu\/musee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/29\/2025\/07\/Musee-de-Mineralogie-Mines-Paris-PSL-1-300x169.png 300w, https:\/\/www.minesparis.psl.eu\/musee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/29\/2025\/07\/Musee-de-Mineralogie-Mines-Paris-PSL-1-1024x576.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.minesparis.psl.eu\/musee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/29\/2025\/07\/Musee-de-Mineralogie-Mines-Paris-PSL-1-768x432.png 768w, https:\/\/www.minesparis.psl.eu\/musee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/29\/2025\/07\/Musee-de-Mineralogie-Mines-Paris-PSL-1-1300x731.png 1300w, https:\/\/www.minesparis.psl.eu\/musee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/29\/2025\/07\/Musee-de-Mineralogie-Mines-Paris-PSL-1.png 1366w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 380px) 100vw, 380px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><em>Specimens in the Dr\u00e9e \/ Dolomieu collection drawer. \u00a9 Mus\u00e9e de Min\u00e9ralogie Mines Paris &#8211; PSL \/ E. Gaillou.<\/em><\/p>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"col-md-6\">\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Several systems exist to classify the more than 6,000 mineral species currently found in the world. The Dana classification of 1837, named after the American geologist James Dwight Dana, has been adopted internationally. It has been revised several times since, primarily by Strunz (1941) and then Nickel and Strunz (2002), and is currently maintained by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mindat.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mindat.org<\/a>. This classification contains 10 major mineral families, organized according to their chemistry. It is by this classification that the International Mineralogical Association updates new species and their classification.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">During a major reorganization of the collection beginning in the 1960s, the minerals were naturally reorganized into these 10 \u00ab\u00a0classes,\u00a0\u00bb both within the storage area and in the exhibition space.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Thus, the distribution of samples in the Museum follows this classification: each room of the Museum houses a different family, ranging from native minerals to silicates. This allowed students and enthusiasts to visualize and illustrate the scientific classification of minerals simply by walking through the gallery.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"container block-full-largeur\">\n\t<div class=\"row mt-4\">\n\t\t<div class=\"col-md-12\">\n\t\t\t<hr \/>\n<h2>Where do the minerals in the collection come from?<\/h2>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"container bloc-50-50\">\n\t<div class=\"row mt-4\">\n\t\t<div class=\"col-md-6\">\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: justify\">The samples come from a wide variety of sources, reflecting the evolution of the \u00c9cole des Mines throughout its history. The museum&rsquo;s collection truly took shape with the creation of the \u00ab\u00a0Cabinet of Mineralogy\u00a0\u00bb in 1794, established by a decree from the Committee of Public Safety. This cabinet was formed to gather and preserve \u00ab\u00a0all the products of the globe and the Republic, arranged according to locality.\u00a0\u00bb Significant resources were devoted to building this national collection, which cataloged minerals based on both their geological deposits and their mineral species.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Initially, the Cabinet of Mineralogy\u2019s collection was built through the purchase of entire collections, field expeditions undertaken by professors and students, and revolutionary confiscations.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">The 19th century was the collection&rsquo;s most flourishing period, enriched by the return of major scientific expeditions and field missions, acquisitions from World&rsquo;s Fairs, the purchase, donation, and bequeathal of collections, and various exchanges.<\/p>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"col-md-6\">\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: justify\">The geographical origins are also highly diverse: while the majority come from France and Europe\u2014reflecting the Museum&rsquo;s original mission to inventory, map, and catalog all of France&rsquo;s mineral resources\u2014a significant portion of the minerals originate from former colonial empires, resulting in great variety within the collections, with over a hundred countries represented.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">The collection was digitized starting in 1995, and each specimen was assigned an \u00ab\u00a0ENSMP\u00a0\u00bb inventory number (standing for the *\u00c9cole Nationale Sup\u00e9rieure des Mines de Paris* collection) and registered in the national inventory of French heritage. Specimens listed in this national inventory can no longer be exchanged; the collection can only grow.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Since 2011, the museum has acquired new items <a href=\"https:\/\/soutenir.mines-paristech.fr\/MUSEE\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">exclusively through donations, whether monetary or in-kind<\/a>. Approximately fifty specimens are added annually; the donor&rsquo;s name is recorded in the database and displayed on the label accompanying the mineral, whether it is on public display or stored in a drawer. Today, specimens entering the collection are selected with a focus on ensuring their traceability.<\/p>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":946,"parent":2724,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-2744","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Minerals - Mus\u00e9e de Min\u00e9ralogie<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.minesparis.psl.eu\/musee\/en\/the-museum\/collections-eng\/minerals\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Minerals - 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