{"id":1057,"date":"2025-07-28T14:34:17","date_gmt":"2025-07-28T12:34:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.minesparis.psl.eu\/musee\/?page_id=1057"},"modified":"2026-09-04T14:25:31","modified_gmt":"2026-09-04T12:25:31","slug":"les-gemmes","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.minesparis.psl.eu\/musee\/le-musee\/collections\/les-gemmes\/","title":{"rendered":"Les gemmes"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
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Qu’est-ce que c’est une gemme ?<\/h2>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n
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Une gemme est un mat\u00e9riau naturel, incluant min\u00e9raux et roches, qui est \u00e0 la fois belle, rare et suffisamment r\u00e9sistante pour \u00eatre taill\u00e9e et polie, et utilis\u00e9e en joaillerie. La puret\u00e9, la couleur, la duret\u00e9, l’\u00e9clat et d’autres qualit\u00e9s jouent un r\u00f4le d\u00e9terminant dans l’utilisation qui sera faite de la gemme. Il existe ainsi diff\u00e9rentes qualit\u00e9 de gemmes, allant des plus transparentes et plus pures, qui seront id\u00e9alement taill\u00e9es \u00e0 facettes, jusqu’aux pierres tr\u00e8s incluses ou opaques, int\u00e9ressantes pour leurs couleurs ou effet lumineux, g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement taill\u00e9e sous forme de cabochon (ex : min\u00e9raux microcristallis\u00e9s comme la turquoise ou la malachite ; roches ornementales, comme le lapis-lazuli ou le jade).<\/p>\n

Le terme de \u00ab\u00a0gemme\u00a0\u00bb est actuellement pr\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9 aux termes de pierres pr\u00e9cieuses et fines. Le terme de \u00ab\u00a0pierre semi-pr\u00e9cieuse\u00a0\u00bb est officiellement interdite dans le commerce depuis le <\/span><\/span>D\u00e9cret n\u00b02002-65 du 14 janvier 2002<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Les gemmes sont utilis\u00e9es depuis la nuit des temps, et travaill\u00e9es depuis l’Antiquit\u00e9. Certaines sont connues depuis la p\u00e9riode antique, mais certaines gemmes tr\u00e8s populaires aujourd’hui ne furent exploit\u00e9es qu’\u00e0 partir des ann\u00e9es 1970 : on peut notamment citer la tanzanite, d\u00e9couverte en Tanzanie en 1968.<\/p>\n

La collection du Mus\u00e9e de Min\u00e9ralogie comporte plus d’un millier de gemmes, en tr\u00e8s grande majorit\u00e9 desserties mais parfois encore mont\u00e9es sur de petits objets (comme des ex-votos).<\/p>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Topaze bleue de 233,46 ct (46,69 g !) provenant de Volhynie en Ukraine, donn\u00e9e par l’association ABC Mines en 1997 (ENSMP 46129).<\/em><\/p>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n

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Ex-voto en turquoise grav\u00e9e, d’origine inconnue (ENSMP 684201). <\/em>\u00a9 Mus\u00e9e de Min\u00e9ralogie Mines Paris \u2013 PSL \/ E. Gaillou.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

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Reproduction en verre de diamants c\u00e9l\u00e8bres, de haut en bas : le Grand Mogol, le Cullinan I , le Cullinan II, l\u2019Orlov (189,62 ct) et le Koh-i-Noor. \u00a9 Mus\u00e9e de Min\u00e9ralogie Mines Paris \u2013 PSL \/ E. Gaillou.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

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Des gemmes historiques : Les Joyaux de la Couronne de France<\/h2>\n

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S\u00e9lection de quelques \u00ab\u00a0Rubis du Br\u00e9sil\u00a0\u00bb (topazes roses) provenant des Joyaux de la Couronne de France, d\u00e9pos\u00e9es au Mus\u00e9e de Min\u00e9ralogie de l’Ecole des Mines de Paris en 1887. Ces topazes faisaient originellement parties de la grande parure de \u00ab\u00a0Rubis du Br\u00e9sil\u00a0\u00bb de l’imp\u00e9ratrice Marie-Louise, cr\u00e9\u00e9e par le joaillier<\/em>\u00a0Nitot en 1811. \u00a9 Mus\u00e9e de Min\u00e9ralogie Mines Paris \u2013 PSL \/ E. Gaillou.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

Les \u00a0\u00bb Joyaux de la Couronne de France\u00a0\u00bb (ou \u00ab\u00a0Diamants de la Couronne\u00a0\u00bb)<\/strong> sont un ensemble de gemmes, parures et objets ayant appartenus \u00e0 la royaut\u00e9 puis aux empereurs francais. Ils ont \u00e9t\u00e9 constitu\u00e9s originellement par lettre patente du roi Fran\u00e7ois 1er en 1530, d\u00e9clar\u00e9es inali\u00e9nables et propri\u00e9t\u00e9s du royaume de France.<\/p>\n

L’inventaire fait par les experts en 1886 compte 77486 pierres, desserties ou non. Rendu \u00ab\u00a0ali\u00e9nable\u00a0\u00bb par d\u00e9cret sous la IIIe R\u00e9publique, ce tr\u00e9sor national est majoritairement vendu en 1887, suite \u00e0 une exposition au Louvre. Le gouvernement est alors soucieux d’assoir son pouvoir politique dans une France encore marqu\u00e9e par l’empire napol\u00e9onien et la royaut\u00e9 d\u00e9chue. Une petite partie des gemmes desserties et des objets fut attribu\u00e9e \u00e0 des mus\u00e9es nationaux : au Mus\u00e9e du Louvre, au Mus\u00e9um National d’Histoire Naturelle de Paris et au Mus\u00e9e de Min\u00e9ralogie de l’Ecole des Mines de Paris.<\/p>\n

Le Mus\u00e9e de Min\u00e9ralogie h\u00e9rita de 1249 \u00e9chantillons. Mais la politique d’\u00e9change de la fin du 19e et d\u00e9but du 20e si\u00e8cle au mus\u00e9e a fait dispara\u00eetre quelques uns de ses tr\u00e9sors. La revente de deux rangs de plus de 900 perles a m\u00eame \u00e9t\u00e9 autoris\u00e9e par le gouvernement en 1903, alors qu’un vol s\u00e9vissant tout Paris en 1909 emportant 2 petits diamants. Le mus\u00e9e compte \u00e0 pr\u00e9sent une suite de petites \u00e9meraudes provenant de la Couronne de Sacre de Napol\u00e9on III, des \u00ab\u00a0Rubis du Br\u00e9sil\u00a0\u00bb (topazes roses) et des am\u00e9thystes de l’Oural provenant de parures de l’imp\u00e9ratrice Marie-Louise, cr\u00e9\u00e9es par le joaillier Nitot, ainsi que des perles en \u00e9meraudes provenant des saisies r\u00e9volutionnaires.<\/p>\n

NB : en raison du cambriolage d’une partie des Joyaux au Mus\u00e9e du Louvre le 19 Octobre 2025 , les gemmes des Joyaux ne sont plus visibles au public pour le moment par mesure de pr\u00e9caution. Nous nous excusons pour la g\u00eane occasionn\u00e9e.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

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